Table of Content 1 Application Platform Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview 1.2 Market Segmentation 1.2.1 Market by Types 1.2.2 Market by Applications 1.2.3 Market by Regions 1.3 Global Application Platform Market Size (2018-2028) 1.3.1 Global Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2028) 1.3.2 Global Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2028) 1.4 Research Method and Logic 1.4.1 Research Method 1.4.2 Research Data Source 2 Global Application Platform Market Historic Revenue ($) and Sales Volume Segment by Type 2.1 Global Application Platform Historic Revenue ($) by Type (2018-2023) 2.2 Global Application Platform Historic Sales Volume by Type (2018-2023) 2.3 Software Sales and Price (2018-2023) 2.4 Services Sales and Price (2018-2023) 3 Global Application Platform Historic Revenue ($) and Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023) 3.1 Global Application Platform Historic Revenue ($) by Application (2018-2023) 3.2 Global Application Platform Historic Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023) 3.3 Large Enterprise Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 3.4 Small & Medium Enterprise Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 4 Market Dynamic and Trends 4.1 Industry Development Trends under Global Inflation 4.2 Impact of Russia and Ukraine War 4.3 Driving Factors for Application Platform Market 4.4 Factors Challenging the Market 4.5 Opportunities 4.6 Risk Analysis 4.7 Industry News and Policies by Regions 4.7.1 Application Platform Industry News 4.7.2 Application Platform Industry Policies 5 Global Application Platform Market Revenue ($) and Sales Volume by Major Regions 5.1 Global Application Platform Sales Volume by Region (2018-2023) 5.2 Global Application Platform Market Revenue ($) by Region (2018-2023) 6 Global Application Platform Import Volume and Export Volume by Major Regions 6.1 Global Application Platform Import Volume by Region (2018-2023) 6.2 Global Application Platform Export Volume by Region (2018-2023) 7 North America Application Platform Market Current Status (2018-2023) 7.1 Overall Market Size Analysis (2018-2023) 7.1.1 North America Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 7.1.2 North America Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 7.2 North America Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation 7.3 North America Application Platform Sales Volume and Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) 7.4 United States 7.4.1 United States Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 7.5 Canada 7.5.1 Canada Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 8 Asia Pacific Application Platform Market Current Status (2018-2023) 8.1 Overall Market Size Analysis (2018-2023) 8.1.1 Asia Pacific Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 8.1.2 Asia Pacific Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 8.2 Asia Pacific Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation 8.3 Asia Pacific Application Platform Sales Volume and Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) 8.4 China 8.4.1 China Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 8.5 Japan 8.5.1 Japan Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 8.6 India 8.6.1 India Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 8.7 South Korea 8.7.1 South Korea Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 8.8 Southeast Asia 8.8.1 Southeast Asia Application Platform Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) 8.9 Australia 8.9.1 Australia Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9 Europe Application Platform Market Current Status (2018-2023) 9.1 Overall Market Size Analysis (2018-2023) 9.1.1 Europe Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.2.1 Europe Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.2 Europe Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation 9.3 Europe Application Platform Sales Volume and Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) 9.4 Germany 9.4.1 Germany Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.5 France 9.5.1 France Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.6 United Kingdom 9.6.1 United Kingdom Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.7 Italy 9.7.1 Italy Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.8 Spain 9.8.1 Spain Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.9 Russia 9.9.1 Russia Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 9.10 Poland 9.10.1 Poland Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 10 Latin America Application Platform Market Current Status (2018-2023) 10.1 Overall Market Size Analysis (2018-2023) 10.1.1 Latin America Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 10.1.2 Latin America Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 10.2 Latin America Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation 10.3 Latin America Application Platform Sales Volume and Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) 10.4 Mexico 10.4.1 Mexico Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 10.5 Brazil 10.5.1 Brazil Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 10.6 Argentina 10.6.1 Argentina Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 11 Middle East and Africa Application Platform Market Current Status (2018-2023) 11.1 Overall Market Size Analysis (2018-2023) 11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 11.2 Middle East and Africa Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation 11.3 Middle East and Africa Application Platform Sales Volume and Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) 11.4 GCC Countries 11.4.1 GCC Countries Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 11.5 Africa 11.5.1 Africa Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) 12 Market Competition Analysis and Key Companies Profiles 12.1 Market Competition by Key Players 12.1.1 Global Application Platform Revenue ($) and Market Share of Key Players 12.1.2 Global Application Platform Sales Volume and Market Share of Key Players 12.1.3 Global Application Platform Average Price by Players 12.1.4 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 12.2 NEC Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.2.1 Company Profiles 12.2.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.2.3 NEC Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.3 Caucho Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.3.1 Company Profiles 12.3.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.3.3 Caucho Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.4 Apache Tomcat Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.4.1 Company Profiles 12.4.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.4.3 Apache Tomcat Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.5 Fujitsu Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.5.1 Company Profiles 12.5.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.5.3 Fujitsu Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.6 Adobe Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.6.1 Company Profiles 12.6.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.6.3 Adobe Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.7 Red Hat Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.7.1 Company Profiles 12.7.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.7.3 Red Hat Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.8 Micro Focus Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.8.1 Company Profiles 12.8.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.8.3 Micro Focus Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.9 Oracle Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.9.1 Company Profiles 12.9.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.9.3 Oracle Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.10 Hitachi Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.10.1 Company Profiles 12.10.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.10.3 Hitachi Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.11 SAP Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.11.1 Company Profiles 12.11.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.11.3 SAP Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.12 TmaxSoft Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.12.1 Company Profiles 12.12.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.12.3 TmaxSoft Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.13 Microsoft Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.13.1 Company Profiles 12.13.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.13.3 Microsoft Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.14 HPE Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.14.1 Company Profiles 12.14.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.14.3 HPE Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.15 Huawei Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.15.1 Company Profiles 12.15.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.15.3 Huawei Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.16 Akamai Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.16.1 Company Profiles 12.16.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.16.3 Akamai Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.17 IBM Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.17.1 Company Profiles 12.17.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.17.3 IBM Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 12.18 GigaSpaces Market Performance and Business Analysis 12.18.1 Company Profiles 12.18.2 Product Profiles and Application 12.18.3 GigaSpaces Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) 13 Value Chain of the Application Platform Market 13.1 Value Chain Status 13.1.1 Value Chain Status Under Global Inflation 13.2 Key Raw Materials and Suppliers 13.2.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction 13.2.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 13.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 13.3.1 Production Process Analysis 13.3.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Application Platform 13.3.3 Raw Material Cost of Application Platform 13.3.4 Labor Cost of Application Platform 13.4 Major Distributors by Region 13.5 Customer Analysis 14 New Project Feasibility Analysis 14.1 Industry Barriers and New Entrants SWOT Analysis 14.2 Analysis and Suggestions on New Project Investment 15 Global Application Platform Market Revenue ($) and Sales Volume Forecast Segment by Type, Application and Region 15.1 Global Application Platform Revenue ($) and Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2023-2028) 15.1.1 Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Forecast by Type (2023-2028) 15.1.2 Global Application Platform Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2023-2028) 15.2 Global Application Platform Revenue ($) and Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2023-2028) 15.2.1 Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Forecast by Application (2023-2028) 15.2.2 Global Application Platform Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2023-2028) 15.3 Global Application Platform Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2023-2028) 15.4 Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Forecast by Region (2023-2028) 16 Research Findings and Conclusion

List of Tables and Figures Figure Application Platform Picture Table Application Platform Definition Table Description and Definitions Figure Software Features Figure Services Features Table Description and Definitions Figure Large Enterprise Figure Small & Medium Enterprise Figure North America Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2028) Figure Asia Pacific Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2028) Figure Europe Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2028) Figure Latin America Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2028) Figure Middle East and Africa Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2028) Figure Global Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2028) Figure Global Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2028) Table Global Application Platform Historic Revenue ($) by Type (2018-2023) (Million USD) Table Global Application Platform Historic Revenue ($) Share by Type (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Historic Sales Volume by Type (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Historic Sales Volume Share by Type (2018-2023) Figure Global Software Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Global Software Price (2018-2023) Figure Global Services Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Global Services Price (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Historic Revenue ($) by Application (2018-2023) (Million USD) Table Global Application Platform Historic Revenue ($) Share by Application (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Historic Sales Volume by Application (2018-2023) (Million USD) Table Global Application Platform Historic Sales Volume Share by Application (2018-2023) Figure Global Large Enterprise Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Global Large Enterprise Revenue and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Global Small & Medium Enterprise Sales and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Global Small & Medium Enterprise Revenue and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table Industry Development Trends under Global Inflation Table Impact of Russia and Ukraine War Table Driving Factors for Application Platform Market Table Factors Challenging the Market Table Opportunities Table Risk Analysis Table Industry News by Regions Table Industry Policies by Regions Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume by Region (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Share by Region (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Market Revenue ($) by Region (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Market Revenue ($) Share by Region (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Import Volume by Region (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Export Volume by Region (2018-2023) Figure North America Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure North America Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table North America Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation Table North America Application Platform Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) Table North America Application Platform Sales Volume by Country (2018-2023) Figure United States Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Canada Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Asia Pacific Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Asia Pacific Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table Asia Pacific Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation Table Asia Pacific Application Platform Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) Table Asia Pacific Application Platform Sales Volume by Country (2018-2023) Figure China Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Japan Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure India Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure South Korea Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table Southeast Asia Application Platform Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) Figure Australia Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Europe Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Europe Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table Europe Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation Table Europe Application Platform Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) Table Europe Application Platform Sales Volume by Country (2018-2023) Figure Germany Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure France Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure United Kingdom Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Italy Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Spain Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Russia Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Poland Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Latin America Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Latin America Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table Latin America Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation Table Latin America Application Platform Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) Table Latin America Application Platform Sales Volume by Country (2018-2023) Figure Mexico Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Brazil Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Argentina Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Middle East and Africa Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Middle East and Africa Application Platform Sales Volume and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table Middle East and Africa Application Platform Market Trends Analysis Under Global Inflation Table Middle East and Africa Application Platform Revenue ($) by Country (2018-2023) Table Middle East and Africa Application Platform Sales Volume by Country (2018-2023) Figure GCC Countries Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Figure Africa Application Platform Revenue ($) and Growth Rate (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) of Key Players (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Share of Key Players (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume of Key Players (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Share of Key Players (2018-2023) Table Global Application Platform Average Price of Key Players (2018-2023) Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table NEC Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table NEC Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure NEC Production and Growth Rate Figure NEC Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Caucho Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Caucho Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Caucho Production and Growth Rate Figure Caucho Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Apache Tomcat Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Apache Tomcat Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Apache Tomcat Production and Growth Rate Figure Apache Tomcat Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Fujitsu Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Fujitsu Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Fujitsu Production and Growth Rate Figure Fujitsu Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Adobe Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Adobe Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Adobe Production and Growth Rate Figure Adobe Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Red Hat Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Red Hat Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Red Hat Production and Growth Rate Figure Red Hat Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Micro Focus Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Micro Focus Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Micro Focus Production and Growth Rate Figure Micro Focus Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Oracle Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Oracle Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Oracle Production and Growth Rate Figure Oracle Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Hitachi Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Hitachi Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Hitachi Production and Growth Rate Figure Hitachi Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table SAP Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table SAP Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure SAP Production and Growth Rate Figure SAP Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table TmaxSoft Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table TmaxSoft Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure TmaxSoft Production and Growth Rate Figure TmaxSoft Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Microsoft Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Microsoft Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Microsoft Production and Growth Rate Figure Microsoft Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table HPE Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table HPE Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure HPE Production and Growth Rate Figure HPE Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Huawei Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Huawei Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Huawei Production and Growth Rate Figure Huawei Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table Akamai Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table Akamai Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure Akamai Production and Growth Rate Figure Akamai Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table IBM Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table IBM Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure IBM Production and Growth Rate Figure IBM Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Table GigaSpaces Company Profiles Table Product Profiles and Application Table GigaSpaces Market Performance Analysis (Revenue ($), Sales Volume, Price, Gross, Gross Margin) Figure GigaSpaces Production and Growth Rate Figure GigaSpaces Value ($) Market Share 2018-2023 Figure Industry Chain Analysis of Application Platform Table Value Chain Status Under Global Inflation Table Key Raw Materials Introduction Table Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Application Platform with Contact Information Figure Production Process of Application Platform Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Application Platform Table Major Distributors of Application Platform with Contact Information Table Major Downstream Buyers of Application Platform with Contact Information Figure Industry Resource/Technology/Labor Importance Analysis Table New Entrants SWOT Analysis Table New Project Analysis of Investment Recovery Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Forecast by Type (2023-2028) (Million USD) Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2023-2028) (Million USD) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028) Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Forecast by Application (2023-2028) (Million USD) Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2023-2028) (Million USD) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2023-2028) Table Global Application Platform Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028) Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Forecast by Region (2023-2028) Table Global Application Platform Revenue ($) Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)