Table of Content 1 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market 1.2 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2017-2029) 1.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Segment by Application 1.3.1 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029) 1.4 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market, Region Wise (2017-2029) 1.4.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2017-2029) 1.4.2 United States Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.4.3 Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.4.4 China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.4.5 Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.4.6 India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.4.7 Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.4.8 Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Status and Prospect (2017-2029) 1.5 Global Market Size (Revenue) of Stand-alone E-prescribing System (2017-2029) 1.5.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue Status and Outlook (2017-2029) 1.5.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029) 1.6 Influence of Regional Conflicts on the Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industry 1.7 Impact of Carbon Neutrality on the Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industry 2 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Upstream and Downstream Analysis 2.1 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industrial Chain Analysis 2.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis 2.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis 2.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 2.5 Manufacturing Process Analysis 2.6 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 2.6.1 Labor Cost Analysis 2.6.2 Energy Costs Analysis 2.6.3 R&D Costs Analysis 2.7 Major Downstream Buyers of Stand-alone E-prescribing System Analysis 2.8 Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry Upstream and Downstream 3 Players Profiles 3.1 Bizmatics 3.1.1 Bizmatics Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.1.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.1.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.1.4 Business Overview 3.2 Athenahealth 3.2.1 Athenahealth Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.2.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.2.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.2.4 Business Overview 3.3 DrFirst 3.3.1 DrFirst Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.3.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.3.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.3.4 Business Overview 3.4 Henry Schein 3.4.1 Henry Schein Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.4.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.4.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.4.4 Business Overview 3.5 Surescripts 3.5.1 Surescripts Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.5.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.5.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.5.4 Business Overview 3.6 EClinicalWorks 3.6.1 EClinicalWorks Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.6.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.6.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.6.4 Business Overview 3.7 Medi-HER 3.7.1 Medi-HER Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.7.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.7.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.7.4 Business Overview 3.8 HealthFusion 3.8.1 HealthFusion Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.8.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.8.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.8.4 Business Overview 3.9 Practice Fusion 3.9.1 Practice Fusion Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.9.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.9.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.9.4 Business Overview 3.10 Cerner Corporation 3.10.1 Cerner Corporation Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.10.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.10.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.10.4 Business Overview 3.11 Allscripts 3.11.1 Allscripts Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.11.2 Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.11.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Performance (2017-2022) 3.11.4 Business Overview 4 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Landscape by Player 4.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Share by Player (2017-2022) 4.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue and Market Share by Player (2017-2022) 4.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Average Price by Player (2017-2022) 4.4 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022) 4.5 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Competitive Situation and Trends 4.5.1 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Concentration Rate 4.5.2 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players 4.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 5 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price Trend by Type 5.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Market Share by Type (2017-2022) 5.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022) 5.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Price by Type (2017-2022) 5.4 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022) 5.4.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate of Hardware (2017-2022) 5.4.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate of Software (2017-2022) 5.4.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate of Service (2017-2022) 6 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Analysis by Application 6.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022) 6.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022) 6.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption and Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022) 6.3.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption and Growth Rate of Hospitals (2017-2022) 6.3.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption and Growth Rate of Office-based Physicians (2017-2022) 7 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022) 7.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022) 7.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022) 7.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.4 United States Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.4.1 United States Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 7.5 Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.5.1 Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 7.6 China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.6.1 China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 7.7 Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.7.1 Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 7.8 India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.8.1 India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 7.9 Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.9.1 Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 7.10 Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.10.1 Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 7.11 Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) 7.11.1 Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Under COVID-19 8 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Forecast (2022-2029) 8.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.1.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029) 8.1.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029) 8.1.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast, Region Wise (2022-2029) 8.2.1 United States Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2.2 Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2.3 China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2.4 Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2.5 India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2.6 Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2.7 Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.2.8 Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029) 8.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2029) 8.3.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue and Growth Rate of Hardware (2022-2029) 8.3.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue and Growth Rate of Software (2022-2029) 8.3.3 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue and Growth Rate of Service (2022-2029) 8.4 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2029) 8.4.1 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Value and Growth Rate of Hospitals (2022-2029) 8.4.2 Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Value and Growth Rate of Office-based Physicians (2022-2029) 8.5 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Forecast Under COVID-19 9 Industry Outlook 9.1 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Drivers Analysis 9.2 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Restraints and Challenges 9.3 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Opportunities Analysis 9.4 Emerging Market Trends 9.5 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industry Technology Status and Trends 9.6 News of Product Release 9.7 Consumer Preference Analysis 9.8 Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak 9.8.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview 9.8.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industry Development 10 Research Findings and Conclusion 11 Appendix 11.1 Methodology 11.2 Research Data Source  

List of Tables and Figures Figure Stand-alone E-prescribing System Product Picture Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type Table Profile of Hardware Table Profile of Software Table Profile of Service Table Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029) Table Profile of Hospitals Table Profile of Office-based Physicians Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Size (Revenue, Million USD) and CAGR (%) (2017-2029) Figure United States Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2017-2029) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029) Figure Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industrial Chain Analysis Table Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis Table Downstream Buyers Table Bizmatics Profile Table Bizmatics Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Bizmatics Sales and Growth Rate Figure Bizmatics Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Athenahealth Profile Table Athenahealth Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Athenahealth Sales and Growth Rate Figure Athenahealth Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table DrFirst Profile Table DrFirst Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure DrFirst Sales and Growth Rate Figure DrFirst Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Henry Schein Profile Table Henry Schein Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Henry Schein Sales and Growth Rate Figure Henry Schein Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Surescripts Profile Table Surescripts Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Surescripts Sales and Growth Rate Figure Surescripts Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table EClinicalWorks Profile Table EClinicalWorks Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure EClinicalWorks Sales and Growth Rate Figure EClinicalWorks Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Medi-HER Profile Table Medi-HER Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Medi-HER Sales and Growth Rate Figure Medi-HER Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table HealthFusion Profile Table HealthFusion Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure HealthFusion Sales and Growth Rate Figure HealthFusion Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Practice Fusion Profile Table Practice Fusion Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Practice Fusion Sales and Growth Rate Figure Practice Fusion Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Cerner Corporation Profile Table Cerner Corporation Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Cerner Corporation Sales and Growth Rate Figure Cerner Corporation Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Allscripts Profile Table Allscripts Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Allscripts Sales and Growth Rate Figure Allscripts Revenue (Million USD) Market Share 2017-2022 Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales by Player (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Share by Player (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Share by Player in 2021 Table Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) by Player (2017-2022) Table Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) Market Share by Player (2017-2022) Table Stand-alone E-prescribing System Price by Player (2017-2022) Table Stand-alone E-prescribing System Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022) Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales by Type (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Market Share by Type in 2021 Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021 Table Stand-alone E-prescribing System Price by Type (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Growth Rate of Hardware (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Hardware (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Growth Rate of Software (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Software (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Growth Rate of Service (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Service (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption by Application (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Revenue (Million USD) by Application (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption and Growth Rate of Hospitals (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption and Growth Rate of Office-based Physicians (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Region Wise (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Market Share, Region Wise in 2021 Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD), Region Wise (2017-2022) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue Market Share, Region Wise in 2021 Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table United States Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Table Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales, Revenue (Million USD), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029) Figure USA Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure USA Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Europe Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure China Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Japan Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure India Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Southeast Asia Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Latin America Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Figure Middle East and Africa Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Sales Forecast, by Type Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Sales Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) Forecast, by Type Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Price Forecast, by Type Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Hardware (2022-2029) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Software (2022-2029) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Service (2022-2029) Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Consumption Forecast, by Application Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Market Revenue (Million USD) Forecast, by Application Table Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Value (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Hospitals (2022-2029) Figure Global Stand-alone E-prescribing System Consumption Value (Million USD) and Growth Rate of Office-based Physicians (2022-2029) Figure Global COVID-19 Status Overview Table Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Stand-alone E-prescribing System Industry Development